分享

【陈怀临注：请参阅Qi Wang大虾的原文在http://blog.sina.com.cn/sailingxr。等Qi正式上来后，我会把这几篇文章的作者信息都改成他的ID。】

多年以前，我有编写一系列关于处理器体系结构的书籍，包括PowerPC, x86和ARM。两年的坚持，我完成了《Linux PowerPC详解—核心篇》，本应还要写一本《Linux PowerPC详解—应用篇》。我几乎完成了“应用篇”大约三分之一的篇幅，最终放弃。

我的懒惰不是《Linux PowerPC详解—应用篇》没有正式出版的原因。“应用篇”本由网络，USB和PCIe总线三部分组成。网络部分是我较为熟悉的部分，却与处理器体系结构并没有直接的联系，USB总线距离处理器内核也略远一些，只有PCIe总线部分保留下来，形成了《PCI Express体系结构详解》的初步文字。

一次偶然的经历，我有机会使用FPGA设计基于PCIe总线的网络设备。对PCIe总线有了真实的理解后，我将这本书的名字改为“PCI Express体系结构导读”并正式出版。想起详解的书名无地自容，区区几百页的书籍与详解如何能有联系，怕是“导读”也未必有资格。

《PCI Express体系结构导读》的出版，没有带给我喜悦，更多的是如释重负。瞬间的平静后，我准备重新书写“x86体系结构导读”这本书籍。我起初准备书写“x86体系结构导读”，后写《PCI Express体系结构导读》。我甚至写好了“x86体系结构导读”的前言部分，就是我在“开源”杂志率先发表的《PC的足迹》这篇文章。

“x86体系结构导读”不会面世。我不是选择放弃书写，只是明白x86体系结构大巧大拙，包含着太多的不得已和不透明，我并没有将x86体系结构独立成书的能力。写书是准备了一桶水，给读者倒一杯。我对x86体系结构的理解只限于一杯水。

MIPS是我即熟悉也陌生的体系结构。第一次接触MIPS处理器是通过阅读John和David的”A Quantitative Approach”。阅读这本书的起因是为了完成毕业论文，当时国内并没有引入这本书籍的第二版。借助研究巨型机的便利条件，我们很早就有了这本书的复印件。1千多页的复印件分成四份，也是沉甸甸的。在不断翻译腾挪的过程中，我不自觉地喜欢上了体系结构这门学问，坚持至今。我没有书写MIPS处理器的相关书籍的准备，这些书籍只应属于John和David。

我从”A Quantitative Approach”的第二版开始读起，直到第四版，我逐字反复研读了这本书。除了红楼梦之外，没有任何一本书花费我如此气力。感慨中国在近十年内没有任何人能够写出如此深度的书籍。我们这代人即便站在这些巨人的肩膀上，也无法越过他们的头顶。只有水涨船高，群星捧月。

我们努力，却无法改变所处的平面，无法掩饰着星光黯淡。恨天短，恨中国不够强大。我搁下了科技文字的书写，而去书写我们的近邻，历时一个多月，完成了《又逢己丑》。写这些文字，没有任何想法，只是面对无法改变的现实胸中有股不平之气。《又逢己丑》完稿后，《PCI Express体系结构导读》很快出版。我有了许多空余时间，本想继续着一些微不足道的文字，却已没有思绪。

每一代人都有自己的使命。70年代的人历经变革，未向其父辈饱受磨难，却更多地活在理想中。这一代的绝大多数人没有受到最好的教育，没有过多的继承，最优秀的一群人漂流在海外。世界进入到21世纪，因为这一代人的懈怠，我们没有缩小与其他国家的差距。等到再次励精图治，已悄然老去。

八十年代的人，距离我们太近，看到的更多的是缺点。七十年代面对八十年代的叛逆只有长叹，求人不如求己，却忘记自己也是由叛逆到前卫，由前卫至流行，由流行而怀旧。在某一代也许可以出现某个人可以闪耀古今，也无法改变一代更比一代强这亘古不破的道理。事物的发展如此，人类的进步亦如此。对八十年代不公平的是高企的房价，这是他们失落的重要原因。不要苛求暂时并不属于自己的东西，半套房的付出可以使你们周游列国，钢筋混凝土没有想象中重要。

寄寓九十年代。无所求的一代人在有所求的领域必有所得。

4年前，我开始书写一些文字，没有太多目的，或者是在追求着无所求，追求着随遇而安。金钱与声名无法靠写书来实现，只是希望下一代人用最小的代价获得我们千辛万苦积累的这些微不足道，以播下希望的种子。这些苦难也会因此随风而逝。

书写“ARM与x86”是为了自己的心愿。不会写ARM相关的书籍，也不会再苛求纸质的图书，而依然苛求着心愿，不再放弃。以此结束为序。

参考文献

[1] Intel [2007]. http://www.intel.com/technology/tick-tock/
[2] Bajarin, Tim [2010-01-04]. “Can Wintel Survive? – Columns by PC Magazine”. Pcmag.com. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2341868,00.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-1.
[3] Richard S. Tedlow [2006-11-02]. Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American.
[4] Michael A. Cusumano [1998-12-04]. Microsoft Secrets: How the World’s Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets and Manages People.
[5] Joachim Kempin’s December 16, 1997 Memo on MS OS pricing. http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00055.html.
[6] Craig R. Barrett. Retired CEO/Chairman of the Board. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/barrett/bio.htm.
[7] Erich Luening [1997-10-27]. Intel, Digital settle suit. CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-204668.html. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
[8] Halfhill, Tom R. [1999-09-13]. Intel Network Processor Targets Routers. Microprocessor Report.
[9] Rajendra Persaud, Dirk Sabath, Gerald Berghoff, Ralf Schanko [2006]. Performance Evaluation of MPLS and IP on an IXP1200 Network Processor,” aina, vol. 2, pp.413-417,20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications – Volume 2 (AINA’06).
[10] Gokhan Memik, William H. Mangione-Smith, Wendong Hu [2001]. NetBench: a benchmarking suite for network processors. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design.
[11] Deepa Srinivasana and Wu-chang Feng [2005-09]. Performance analysis of multi-dimensional packet classification on programmable network processors. Computer Communications Volume 28, Issue 15, 15 September 2005, Pages 1752-1760. CNET news.
[12] Dawn Kawamoto and Tom Krazit[2006-06-27]. Intel sells off communications chip unit. CNET news.
[13] Rick Merritt [2007-11-12]. Intel shifts network chip to startup. http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4074990/Intel-shifts-network-chip-to-startup.
[14] ITU Press[2007-10-19]. ITU defines the future of mobile communications ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards.
[15] Loring Wirbel [2007-10-19]. ITU includes WiMax in IMT-2000 wireless suite. http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4074845/ITU-includes-WiMax-in-IMT-2000-wireless-suite.
[16] Intel Press Room [2006-01-05]. Intel CEO: Latest Platforms, Processors Form New Foundations For Digital Entertainment And Wireless Computing.
[17] Intel Tick-Tock. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock.
[18] Todd Bishop [2008-06-28] Amid cheers and tears, Gates says goodbye, He ends an epic career as full-time Microsoft leader.

http://www.seattlepi.com/business/368824_gatesfinal28.html.

[19] http://moblin.org/about-moblin.
[20] Dan Grabham [2010-02-15]. Intel and Nokia merge Moblin and Maemo to form MeeGo, New OS goes up against Android. http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/intel-and-nokia-merge-moblin-and-maemo-to-form-meego-670302.
[21] Mary Jo Foley [2009-06-03]. Microsoft: No Windows 7 for ARM-based netbooks. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/microsoft-no-windows-7-for-arm-based-netbooks-for-now/2953.
[22] Mary Branscombe [2010-04-13]. Will Windows 8 run on ARM processors? http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/will-windows-8-run-on-arm-processors–683227.
[23] ARM Ltd.[2010-07-23]. Microsoft Licenses ARM Architecture.
[24] Benj Edwards [2008-06-17]. Birth of a Standard: The Intel 8086 Microprocessor.

http://www.pcworld.com/article/146957/birth_of_a_standard_the_intel_8086_microprocessor.html.

[25] Richard E. Smith. A Historical Overview of Computer Architecture. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Retrieved on Oct. 1988.
[26] Lincoln Spector: The IBM Personal Computer’s 25th Anniversary. PC World. Retrieved on Aug. 2006.
[27] Evan Blass [2007-04-06]. Intel poised to unveil new UMPC platform? http://www.engadget.com/2007/04/06/intel-poised-to-unveil-new-umpc-platform/.
[28] Anand Lal Shimpi [2008-04-02]. Intel’s Atom Architecture: The Journey Begins.
[29] Anand Lal Shimpi [2010-05-04]. Intel Unveils Moorestown and Atom Z600, The Fastest Smartphone Platform?
[30] Intel News[2009-09-23].Intel’s Priority: A Total Mobile Computing Experience.
[31] Linux Device [2007-06-06]. Asus unveils ultra-low-cost Linux laptop. http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS9292516116.html.
[32] Chen, Shu-Ching Jean [2007-06-07]. $199 Laptop Is No Child’s Play. http://www.forbes.com/markets/2007/06/07/intel-asustek-laptop-markets-equity-cx_jc_0606markets3.html.
[33] Linley Gwennap [1995-02-16]. Intel’s P6 Uses Decoupled Superscalar Design.
[34] Tom R. Halfhill [2009-04-07]. Intel’s Tiny Atom. Microprocessor Report.
[35] Intel [2008]. Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual Volume 3B: System Programming Guide.
[36] Tom Shanley [2004-07]. The Unabridged Pentium 4. Addison-Wesley.
[37] Brad Beavers [2009-03]. The Story Behind the Intel Atom Processor Success.
[38] D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, and H.M. Levy [1995-06]. Simultaneous Multithreading: Maximizing On-Chip Parallelism. In 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture.
[39] Thornton, J. [1970]. Design of a Computer–The Control Data 6600.
[40] Diefendorff, Keith [1999-12-0]. Compaq Chooses SMT for Alpha”. Microprocessor Report, Volume 13, Number 16.
[41] Emer, Joel [1999]. Simultaneous Multithreading: Multiplying Alpha Performance. Proceedings of Microprocessor Forum 1999.
[42] Richard Wilson [2008-11-18]. Intel quad-core Nehalem processor breaks record. http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2008/11/19/44945/intel-quad-core-nehalem-processor-breaks-record.htm.
[43] Linley Chips In [2010-04-12]. ARM Outmuscles Atom on Benchmark. http://blog.linleygroup.com/2010/04/arm-outmuscles-atom-on-benchmark.html.
[44] Youtube demonstration video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4W6lVQl3QA.
[45] John Morris [2010-01-07]. Intel Makes Westmere Official, 32nm quad-core “not far away”. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/intel-makes-westmere-official-32nm-quad-core-not-far-away/1173.
[46] Jennifer Scott [2010-07-28]. Intel announces 22nm chip plans Chip giant Intel unveils details of Knights Corner, designed for high performance computing.http://www.itpro.co.uk/623848/intel-announces-22nm-chip-plans.
[47] ARM Newsroom [2010-02-15]. GLOBALFOUNDRIES and ARM Define the Standard for Mobile Technology Platform Innovation at MWC 2010.http://www.arm.com/about/newsroom/globalfoundries-and-arm-define-the-standard-for-mobile-technology-platform-innovation-at-mwc-2010.php.
[48] Robert McMordie[2004-04-19]. A technical history of Acorn Computers. http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory
[49] By Roy A. Allan[2001]. A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology.
[50] Per Sparre[1987]. Computer programs for fish stock assessment: length-based fish stock assessment for Apple II computers.
[51] Simon Booth[1999]. Report on Network Computer Technology. European Commission.
[52] Kerry McGuire Balanza[2010-05-11]. ARM from zero to billions in 25 short years.
[53] Carol Atack and Alex van Someren[1993]. The ARM RISC Chip: A Programmers’ Guide’.
[54] BBC News[2007-12-29]. Home computing pioneer honoured”. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7162935.stm.
[55] Roger Wilson [1988-11-02]. Some facts about the Acorn RISC Machine.
[56] Nytimes[1996-07-02]. INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS; Olivetti Sells Shares in Acorn Computer.
[57] Tom Hormby[2006-02-07]. The Story Behind Apple’s Newton.
[58] Steve Jobs[2010-07]. Steve Jobs keynotes, San Francisco.
[59] Charles R. Moore and Russel C. Stanphill: The PowerPC Alliance. Communications of the ACM. Retrieved on Jun. 1994.
[60] Acorn Group and Apple Computer Dedicate Joint Venture to Transform IT in UK Education, press release from Acorn Computers, 1996.
[61] Edward McLellan[1993-05]. The Alpha AXP Architecture and 21064 Processor. IEEE Micro Volume 13, Issue 3 Pages: 36 – 47.
[62] Anton Shilov: 10 Years with Intel Pentium Processor. X-Bit Labs. Retrieved on Mar. 2003.
[63] Bill Hamburgen, Jeff Mogul, Brian Reid, Alan Eustace, Richard Swan, Mary Jo Doherty, Joel Bartlett [1989]. WRL Technical Note TN-13: Characterization of Organic Illumination Systems. Digital Equipment Corporation.
[64] SEC Web site retrieved January 22, 2008.
[65] Randy Schultz[1998-01-26]. Compaq to buy DEC, Compaq snags Digital in $9.6 billion deal, plans to expand AltaVista. http://money.cnn.com/1998/01/26/technology/compaq.
[66] Gale Bradley and Jim Detar[1997-05-19]. DEC, Cyrix sue Intel. Electronic News 43, #2168, ISSN 1061-6624.
[67] Elizabeth Garnsey and Gianni Lorenzoni[2008-03]. Speciation through entrepreneurial spin-off: The Acorn-ARM story.
[68] Digital Equipment Corporation[1996-02-05]. Digital Targets Supercharged StrongARM Chip At Consumer Electronics Market.
[69] Turley, Jim[1996-11-18]. Newton First Design Win for StrongARM. Microprocessor Report.
[70] James Montanaro, Richard T. Witek, Krishna Anne, Andrew J. Black, Elizabeth M. Cooper[1996-11]. A 160-MHz, 32-b,. 0.5-W CMOS RISC. Microprocessor. 1996 IEEE. from IEEE journal of Solid-State Circuits, volume 31, number 11, November 1996.
[71] Intel Corporation[1999-03-31]. Intel StrongARM Processor, Companion Chip Optimized For Handheld Computing Devices. Press release.
[72] Pavel Bolotov[2005-07-10]. The history of Alpha Processors: Facts and Comments.
[73] Turley, Jim [1998-07]. MCore: Does Motorola Need Another Processor Family?
[74] Motorola[2009]. A Timeline Overview of Motorola History.
[75] Frank V?lkel[2003-02]. AMD CPUs: From The K5-75 To The Athlon XP 3000+. Tom’s hardware.
[76] Gruener, Wolfgang[2008-08-10], Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily. http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/38818/135/.
[77] Furber, Addison-Wesley [2000]. ARM System-on-Chip Architecture.
[78] Larri[1996]. ARM810: Dancing to the Beat of a Different Drum”.
[79] ARM Ltd.[2000-02-09]. “Performance of the ARM9TDMI and ARM9E-S cores compared to the ARM7TDMI core.
[80] Apple Press Center[2001-10-23]. Apple presents iPod. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/oct/23ipod.html
[81] Tom Hormy and Dan Knight[2005-10-14]. A History of the iPod: 2000 to 2004.
[82] Markus Levy[2002-04-30]. Exploring the ARM1026EJ-S Pipeline. Microprocessor Report.
[83] ARM Ltd.[2000-04-12]. Lucent Technologies Ships First ARM10 Silicon; Processor Core to Enable Wireless Internet Applications.
[84] Stephen Hill[2001-08-20]. The ARM10 family of Advanced Embedded Microprocessor Cores. Hot Chips 13 Archives 2001.
[85] Intel[2000]. Intel XScale Microarchitecture—Technical Summary.
[86] Tony Smith[2005-08-23]. Intel intros 1.25GHz XScale.
[87] Intel[2005]. Intel 10-K 2005.
[88] John G. Spooner[2003-12-10]. Intel to combine networking chip groups. CNET news.
[89] Stephen Shankland and Michael Kanellos[2006-07-13]. Intel to ax 1,000 managers. CNET News.
[90] John G. Spooner[2006-09-05]. Intel to Lay off 10% of Work Force. eWeeks.
[91] ARM Ltd. [2006-12-01]. ARM1136JF-S and ARM1136J-S Technical Reference Manual.
[92] ARM Ltd. [2007-04-25]. ARM1176JF-S Technical Reference Manual.
[93] ARM Ltd. [2005-11-11]. ARM1156T2-S Technical Reference Manual.
[94] ARM Ltd. [2007-04-05]. ARM Architecture Reference Manual. ARM v7-A and ARM v7-R edition.
[95] ARM Ltd. [2002-04]. The ARM11 Microarchitecture.
[96] Lance Whitney[2010-09-30]. Nokia starts shipping N8 smartphone. CNET news.
[97] Forum Nokai[2010-04-27]. Nokia N8 Device Details at Forum Nokia. http://www.forum.nokia.com/devices/N8/.
[98] Rupert Goodwins[2010-09-09]. ARM’s new Cortex adds server features. ZDnet UK.
[99] CNET News staff[2010-04-03]. Apple iPad launch day.
[100] Brooke Crothers[2010-05-04]. Intel launches chip for smartphones, tablets.
[101] Brooke Crothers[2009-05-18]. Intel’s ‘Medfield’ smartphone chip gets clarity.
[102] Jonathan E. Skillings[2009-06-04]. Intel to buy Wind River for $884 million. CNET news.
[103] Brooke Crothers[2009-01-23]. Intel, Nokia announce mobile pact. CNET news.
[104] Brooke Crothers[2010-08-29]. Intel to buy Infineon’s wireless unit for $1.4 billion.
[105] Microsoft News Center[2010-10-11]. Windows Phone 7: A Fresh Start for the Smartphone.
[106] Intel[2010-05-04]. Introducing the Next-Generation Intel Atom Processor-based Platform—Fact Sheet.
[107] Agam Shah[2010-08-12]. Details about Intel’s Medfield chip emerge. Computer World.
[108] ARM Ltd.[2004-10-19]. ARM Introduces The Cortex-M3 Processor To Deliver High Performance In Low-Cost Applications.
[109] ARM Ltd.[2005-10-04]. ARM Introduces Industry’s Fastest Processor For Low-Power Mobile And Consumer Applications.
[110] ARM Ltd.[2006-05-15]. ARM Launches Next-Generation Processor.
[111] Max Baron[2005-11-14]. Cortex-A8: High Speed, Low Power—Part Two: Build Like a Desktop, Powered like a Cellphone.
[112] Nadav Levisona and Shlomo Weiss[2010-10]. Branch target buffer design for embedded processors. Microprocessors and Microsystems Volume 34, Issue 6, October 2010, Pages 215-227.
[113] ARM Ltd.[2007-10-03]. ARM Unveils Cortex-A9 Processors For Scalable Performance and Low-Power Designs.
[114] ARM Ltd.[2007-10]. Cortex-A9 Microarchitecutre.
[115] Robert Mijat[2009-11-10]. System Level Benchmarking Analysis of the Cortex-A9 MPCORE. ARM connected Commuinty Techinical Symposium 2009.
[116] ARM Ltd.[2010-09-08]. ARM Unveils Cortex-A15 MPCore Processor to Dramatically Accelerate Capabilities of Mobile, Consumer and Infrastructure Applications.
[117] Dave Willamson[2010-10-21]. Exploring the Design of the Cortex-A15 Processor. http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/AETC2010-35_ARM_Cortex-A15_Technical_Overview.pdf.
[118] Jim Turley[2010-11-10]. ARM’s Cortex A15 “Eagle” has landed. Embedded Technology.
[119] Stefanos Kaxiras and Margaret Martonosi[2008]. Computer Architecture Techniques for Power-Efficiency–Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
[120] David Flynn, Rob Aitken, Alan Gibbons and Kaijian Shi[2007]. Low Power Methodology Manual For System-on-Chip Design. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71818-7.
[121] Brian Case[1993-3-29]. Intel Reveals Pentium Implementation Details. Microprocessor Report.
[122] David Flynn [1997-06/07]. AMBA: enabling reusable on-chip designs. Micro. IEEE. Jul/Aug 1997. Volumn 17, issue 4.
[123] ARM Ltd.[1996-10]. Introduction to AMBA.
[124] ARM Ltd.[1999]. AMBA Specifications v2.0, 1999.
[125] ARM Ltd.[2001]. AMBA Specifications v3.0, 2001.
[126] Milica Miti? and Mile Stoj?ev[2006]. A Survey of Three System-on-Chip Buses: AMBA, CoreConnect and Wishbone.
[127] ARM Ltd.[2010-03-08]. ARM AMBA 4 Specification Maximizes Performance and Power Efficiency.
[128] Anand Lal Shimpi[2010-05-04]. Intel Unveils Moorestown and the Atom Z600, The Fastest Smartphone Platform? Anandtech.
[129] Chippy[2009-09-26]. Moorestown and Pinetrail graphics core thoughts. GMA500 likely. Umpcportal.
[130] Sylvie Barak[2010-07-07]. Battle of the chip platforms – Intel vs. ARM in the mobile space. Rcrwireless.

分享